kể cả
Definition
- Preposition / Conjunction:
- Including: Used to introduce one or more items that are part of a larger set or statement. It specifies that what follows is included within the scope of what was previously mentioned.
- Even: Used to emphasize the inclusion of an extreme or surprising example, often to strengthen a statement.
Usage Examples
As "including":
- Mọi người đều phải tham dự, kể cả trưởng phòng. (Everyone must attend, including the department head.)
- Tôi thích tất cả các môn thể thao, kể cả bơi lội. (I like all sports, including swimming.)
As "even" (for emphasis):
- Căn phòng này lạnh đến nỗi kể cả tôi cũng phải mặc áo khoác. (This room is so cold that even I have to wear a jacket.)
- Anh ấy có thể làm mọi thứ, kể cả sửa ô tô. (He can do everything, even fix cars.)
Advanced Usage
"kể cả khi" / "kể cả nếu": Even if / even when. Used to introduce a concessive clause.
- Kể cả khi trời mưa, chúng tôi vẫn sẽ đi. (Even if it rains, we will still go.)
- Tôi sẽ hỗ trợ bạn, kể cả nếu điều đó khó khăn. (I will support you, even if it is difficult.)
"kể cả... lẫn...": Both... and... / including both.... Used to explicitly list two included items.
- Dự án cần kể cả kinh nghiệm lẫn sự sáng tạo. (The project requires both experience and creativity.)
Variants and Related Words
Bao gồm (v): to comprise, to include. (Often used in more formal or written contexts.)
- Phí dịch vụ bao gồm thuế. (The service fee includes tax.)
Ngay cả (prep/conj): even. (Used similarly for emphasis, often interchangeable with "kể cả" in many contexts.)
- Ngay cả giáo viên cũng không biết câu trả lời. (Even the teacher didn't know the answer.)
Synonyms
- Including: to contain as part of a whole.
- Even: used to emphasize something unexpected or extreme.
Related Phrases
- Kể từ: Since (a point in time). (Note: This is a different phrase meaning "from [a time] onward.")
- Tôi đã làm việc ở đây kể từ năm 2020. (I have worked here since 2020.)